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I had the exact same problem, and found that it was caused by the kernel setting the maximum processes per user limit at 100.
You could run the "ulimit -u 500" command and it would seem to work, but the value wouldn't change. If you ran the command again, it would spit back an error that said "operation not allowed".
The trick is to be able to set the max proc allowed limit to something higher than the default 100.
10.3 allows the use of the /etc/sysctl.conf file to set the initial kernel parameters at boot time.
It didn't exist on my system, so (as root) I created it with the following 2 lines:
kern.maxprocperuid=512
kern.maxproc=2048
After a reboot, I can then launch a bash shell and the user can increase their max allowed processes to 512 or less.
I set this up automatically in the .bashrc script for the user, so that whenever the bash script was launced it ran the following command:
ulimit -u 500
This solved all my problems, and hopefully it'll help others that may run into the same issue.
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When the Oracle instance is started there should be only 5 processes. I am surprised how by changing the number of user processes fixed that as the default is 100 and only 5 are required to get the instance up.